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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Probit-Modell</span></h1>
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<td>Dieser Artikel wurde auf der Qualitätssicherungsseite des Portals Mathematik eingetragen. Dies geschieht, um die Qualität der Artikel aus dem Themengebiet Mathematik auf ein akzeptables Niveau zu bringen.
<p>Bitte hilf mit, die Mängel dieses Artikels zu beseitigen, und beteilige dich bitte an der <b>Diskussion!</b>&nbsp;<small>(<span id="NeuerAbschnitt" class=""><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mathematik/Qualit%C3%A4tssicherung&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preloadtitle=%5B%5BProbit-Modell%5D%5D"><span title="Am Seitenende Abschnitt hinzufügen: Portal:Mathematik/Qualitätssicherung"><b>Artikel eintragen</b></span></a></span>)</small>
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<p>Das <b>Probit-Modell</b> ist in der <a href="Statistik" title="Statistik">Statistik</a> die <i>Spezifikation</i> eines <a href="Verallgemeinerte_lineare_Modelle" title="Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle">verallgemeinerten linearen Modells</a>. <a href="Probit" title="Probit">Probit</a> ist ein <a href="Kofferwort" title="Kofferwort">Kofferwort</a> für <b>prob</b>(ability un)<b>it</b>, das aus den zwei englischen, überlappenden Wörtern für <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie">Wahrscheinlichkeit</a> und <a href="Einheit_(Mathematik)" title="Einheit (Mathematik)">Einheit</a> (0 oder 1) entstanden ist.
</p><p>Die <a href="Spezifikation_(Statistik)" title="Spezifikation (Statistik)">statistische Spezifikation</a> bezeichnet denjenigen <a href="Prozess" title="Prozess">Prozess</a> der Modellentwicklung, in dem ein statistisch <a href="Identifizierbarkeit" title="Identifizierbarkeit">schätzbares Modell</a> (Schätzmodell) festgelegt wird. <i><a href="Verallgemeinerte_lineare_Modelle" title="Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle">Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle</a></i> sind nichtlineare Erweiterungen der <a href="Klassisches_lineares_Modell_der_Normalregression" title="Klassisches lineares Modell der Normalregression">klassischen linearen Regression</a>. Das Probit-Modell verwendet die <a href="Probit-Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Probit-Funktion">Probit-Funktion</a> als <a href="Kopplungsfunktion" title="Kopplungsfunktion">Kopplungsfunktion</a>, die den <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> der <a href="Einflussgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_und_Zielgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Einflussgröße und Zielgröße">Zielgröße</a> in Beziehung zum <a href="Linearer_Pr%C3%A4diktor" title="Linearer Prädiktor">linearen Prädiktor</a> des Modells setzt. Probit-Modelle wurden von Chester Ittner Bliss eingeführt, der diese willkürlichen Wahrscheinlichkeitseinheiten als 'Probits' bezeichnete (<q>These arbitrary probability units have been called ‘probits’)</q>.<sup id="cite_ref-bliss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung">Anwendung</h2></div>
<p>Die Probit-Modelle werden wie die <a href="Logit-Modell" class="mw-redirect" title="Logit-Modell">Logit-Modelle</a> dazu verwendet, binäre Zielgrößen in <a href="Choice_Experiment#Binäre_diskrete_Entscheidungsmodelle" title="Choice Experiment">binären diskreten Entscheidungsmodellen</a> abzubilden. Sie verwenden Zielgrößen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span>, die nur zwei Werte annehmen können. Beispiele:
</p>
<dl><dd>„Lässt sich scheiden“&nbsp;→ Ja/Nein,</dd>
<dd>„Kunde <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> hat Produkt A gekauft“&nbsp;→ Ja/Nein,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;→ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Als Stichprobe werden Kunden beim Ausgang befragt, ob sie das Produkt A gekauft haben. Das Probit-Modell kann erstens – analog zur Regression – berechnen, ob die gleichzeitig erhobenen Merkmale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> das Kaufverhalten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> „gut“ erklären. Im positiven Fall ist eine Schätzung möglich, wie groß der Absatz ist, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> den ganzen Markt beschreibt.
</p><p>Diese Modelle haben in der Anwendung eine sehr weite Verbreitung. Innerhalb der verallgemeinerten linearen Modelle liefert das Logit-Modell bessere Resultate bei extrem unabhängigen Variablenebenen. Umgekehrt ist das Probit-Modell im Allgemeinen besser bei Zufallseffekten mit Datensätzen mittlerer Größe.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Probit-Modelle sind nichtlineare Modelle, die zur Erklärung binärer <a href="Einflussgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_und_Zielgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Einflussgröße und Zielgröße">Zielgrößen</a> dienen, wobei 0 das Nicht-Eintreten und 1 das Eintreten eines Ereignisses kodiert. Der <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektor</a> der erklärenden Variablen, dargestellt als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>, repräsentiert die verschiedenen <a href="Beobachtung" title="Beobachtung">Beobachtungen</a>, die durch den <a href="Indexmenge_(Mathematik)" title="Indexmenge (Mathematik)">Index</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> unterscheidbar sind, und beeinflusst die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Eintretens von Ereignis 0 oder 1.
</p><p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> die Zielgröße und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45b9cbe76b060a8d40d762a2de70854890d3622d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.14ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{p}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Einflussgrößen sind, dann lautet das Probit-Modell als Formel:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Pr(Y_{i}=1|X=x_{i})&amp;=\Phi (\mathbf {x_{i}} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }})=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})\\&amp;{\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\mathbf {x_{i}} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }}}\operatorname {exp} \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}t^{2}\right)\mathrm {d} \,t\end{aligned}}}">
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<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Pr(Y_{i}=1|X=x_{i})&amp;=\Phi (\mathbf {x_{i}} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }})=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})\\&amp;{\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\mathbf {x_{i}} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }}}\operatorname {exp} \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}t^{2}\right)\mathrm {d} \,t\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e84a2628b8cc954ed32c24f2ac1761346523136f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:69.308ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Pr(Y_{i}=1|X=x_{i})&amp;=\Phi (\mathbf {x_{i}} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }})=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})\\&amp;{\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\mathbf {x_{i}} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }}}\operatorname {exp} \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}t^{2}\right)\mathrm {d} \,t\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ,</dd></dl>
<p>Notation:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79e4f01c93494fbb5dcd75761f4468121b00b294.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, gesprochen „Phi von x“, bezeichnet die <a href="Verteilungsfunktion" title="Verteilungsfunktion">Verteilungsfunktion</a> einer <a href="Standardnormalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilung">Standardnormalverteilung</a> mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die zugehörige Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Wert kleiner oder gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> annimmt.</li>
<li>Die Normierungskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ef676eb866fd962ce8fe724b168c57499b2d8af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.969ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gehört zum <i><a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a></i> von minus unendlich bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>, geschrieben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \int _{-\infty }^{x}\mathrm {d} \,t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \int _{-\infty }^{x}\mathrm {d} \,t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa4dc98937c3d64abec6ff1ba6392af01f82aff0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.158ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \int _{-\infty }^{x}\mathrm {d} \,t}" loading="lazy"></span> über die <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {exp} ()}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {exp} ()}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f1056f3efeb8918b2e7ff53f90bda259908237a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.362ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {exp} ()}" loading="lazy"></span>, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine <a href="Freie_Variable_und_gebundene_Variable" title="Freie Variable und gebundene Variable">gebundene Variable</a>.</li>
<li>Das nichtelementare Integral ist notwendig, um die Normalverteilungs<i>dichte</i> an der Wahrscheinlichkeits<i>dichte</i> zu normieren. Es wurde 1782 von <a href="Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> entwickelt.</li></ul>
<p>Die Formel zum Probit-Modell heißt: Die auf die erklärenden Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> bedingte <i>Wahrscheinlichkeit</i> „<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50be466e52dac236652eedbbfb5660e570f2a5e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr }" loading="lazy"></span>“, dass die <a href="Antwortvariable" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwortvariable">Antwortvariable</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, entspricht einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79e4f01c93494fbb5dcd75761f4468121b00b294.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a> der erklärenden Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cca342443c44c5eb37c104bf509748a166192ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.63ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} '{\boldsymbol {\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Parametervektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/702cafc420cc00c54896f6d125112820956aaf6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird typischerweise mit der <a href="Maximum-Likelihood-Methode" title="Maximum-Likelihood-Methode">Maximum-Likelihood-Methode</a> geschätzt. Bei dieser Methode der größten Dichte wird derjenige <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/702cafc420cc00c54896f6d125112820956aaf6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Schätzung ausgewählt, gemäß dessen <a href="Verteilung_einer_Zufallsvariablen" title="Verteilung einer Zufallsvariablen">Verteilung</a> die Realisierung der beobachteten Daten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> am plausibelsten erscheint.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modell">Modell</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalisiertes_lineares_Modell">Generalisiertes lineares Modell</h3></div>
<p>In vielen praktischen Szenarien sind die grundlegenden Annahmen des klassischen linearen Modells, insbesondere in Bezug auf eine normalverteilte Zielgröße <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span>, nicht erfüllt. Das generalisierte lineare Modell bietet eine Erweiterung, die es ermöglicht, solche Situationen angemessen zu modellieren.
</p><p>Das generalisierte lineare Modell wird durch folgende Gleichung definiert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=E(Y_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=E(Y_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7082c6cc8203c3c379d41a1a2665554065dec72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.035ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=E(Y_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> den erwarteten Wert der Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d57be496fff95ee2a97ee43c7f7fe244b4dbf8ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bei einem bestimmten Wert von
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1859526195999d2df9a5c86bacb5bd3b98324c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.208ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt. Der lineare Prädiktor wird durch die Gleichung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(\mu _{i})=\underbrace {\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}} _{\text{linearer Prädiktor}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>linearer Prädiktor</mtext>
</mrow>
</munder>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(\mu _{i})=\underbrace {\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}} _{\text{linearer Prädiktor}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a116d43204e64ef9261468def1e02b4d3f2618d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.338ex; margin-right: -0.028ex; width:40.682ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(\mu _{i})=\underbrace {\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}} _{\text{linearer Prädiktor}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder äquivalent durch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(Y_{i})=\mu _{i}=g^{-1}(\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(Y_{i})=\mu _{i}=g^{-1}(\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fac9c8fb2e2108a759b935760873fee9cd344879.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:51.822ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(Y_{i})=\mu _{i}=g^{-1}(\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>repräsentiert. Hierbei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d57be496fff95ee2a97ee43c7f7fe244b4dbf8ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Zufallsvariablen, die die Zielgröße an der Stelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1859526195999d2df9a5c86bacb5bd3b98324c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.208ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreiben, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> die Responsefunktion oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ae77eeb0200a3b0e26ff4b251fb845ca1b385c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.451ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Linkfunktion und
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f111c43e5cfce37bcffc6121a19b81c6efd825ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.115ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Regressionskoeffizienten des linearen Prädiktors.
</p><p>Die Linkfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ae77eeb0200a3b0e26ff4b251fb845ca1b385c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.451ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Aufgabe, den Wertebereich des linearen Prädiktors, der die reelle Zahlen umfasst, auf den Wertebereich von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> abzubilden. Das bedeutet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g^{-1}:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow W(Y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g^{-1}:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow W(Y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c235eb02a4850ec83b6e3db99005108ce5418f90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.698ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g^{-1}:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow W(Y)}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W(Y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W(Y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35df65a2b6e95efd54144cb3bc4b9d8b846eb63c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.018ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W(Y)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Wertebereich von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellt. Der Fehlerterm wird in einem generalisierten linearen Modell nicht explizit aufgeschrieben, sondern ist in der Verteilung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d57be496fff95ee2a97ee43c7f7fe244b4dbf8ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> enthalten.
</p><p>Das Probit-Modell ist ein spezielles generalisiertes Modell, bei dem die
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}\sim B(p=\mu _{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}\sim B(p=\mu _{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fc34c422da6940c81ef16375c8fb95c75c719d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.291ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}\sim B(p=\mu _{i})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p><a href="Bernoulli-Verteilung" title="Bernoulli-Verteilung">Bernoulli verteilt</a> sind. Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a68da30385c18bf8e5c61eda6ac01e14315e21d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.411ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Um die Wahrscheinlichkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem linearen Prädiktor zu verbinden, gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten, da eine Funktion gesucht wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g^{-1}:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g^{-1}:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fdcabd4ed938c25385596a1a1242a02a05ca36c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.333ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g^{-1}:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Im Probit-Modell wird die Linkfunktion als die Verteilungsfunktion der Standardnormalverteilung definiert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g^{-1}(x)=\Phi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g^{-1}(x)=\Phi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7b7712d7b126b7406954216beee77eb802fe047.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.505ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g^{-1}(x)=\Phi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und es ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(Y_{i})=\mu _{i}=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(Y_{i})=\mu _{i}=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb8f8295fac035503e1160aed439a6e4fcbe2c65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:50.049ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(Y_{i})=\mu _{i}=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Im Probit-Modell wird also die Wahrscheinlichkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a68da30385c18bf8e5c61eda6ac01e14315e21d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.411ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> geschätzt in Abhängigkeit der erklärenden Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45b9cbe76b060a8d40d762a2de70854890d3622d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.14ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{p}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Grundsätzlich könnte man auch die Verteilungsfunktion einer beliebigen Normalverteilung als Linkfunktion wählen, jedoch
würden sich nur die Regressionskoeffizienten ändern, während die grundlegende Struktur des Modells erhalten bliebe.
</p><p>Eine Alternative zum Probit-Modell ist das Logit-Modell mit einer anderen Linkfunktion. Ein Vorteil des Logit-Modells ist, dass es robuster gegenüber Ausreißern ist als das Probit-Modell. Jedoch wurde das Probit-Modell in den 1930er Jahren von Chester Ittner Bliss eingeführt<sup id="cite_ref-bliss_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, einem Statistiker, der für seine Arbeit in der Agrarstatistik und <a href="Biometrie" title="Biometrie">Biometrie</a> bekannt ist. Das Logit-Modell wurde erst später von Joseph Berkson in den 1940er Jahren entwickelt.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Verwendung des Probit-Modells vor der Einführung des Logit-Modells war nicht auf eine bewusste Präferenz für das Probit-Modell zurückzuführen, sondern auf die begrenzten statistischen Methoden und das Verständnis zu dieser Zeit.
</p><p>Eine weitere Alternative zum Probitmodell ist das komplementäre Log-Log-Modell (cloglog), dessen Linkfunktion eine spezielle Transformation der kumulativen Verteilungsfunktion der <a href="Weibull-Verteilung" title="Weibull-Verteilung">Weibull-Verteilung</a> verwendet. Es wurde erstmals von dem Statistikerin <a href="Gertrude_Mary_Cox" title="Gertrude Mary Cox">Gertrude Mary Cox</a> in den 1950er Jahren eingeführt. Cox ist bekannt für ihre Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der statistischen Analyse und Modellierung, insbesondere im Bereich der Überlebenszeitanalyse. Das komplementäre Log-Log-Mog-Modell wird typischerweise in Überlebenszeitanalysen eingesetzt, wo das Interesse darin besteht, die Zeit bis zum Eintreten eines Ereignisses zu modellieren.
</p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latentes_Variablenmodell">Latentes Variablenmodell</h3></div>
<p>Das Probit-Modell kann auch als <a href="Latentes_Variablenmodell" title="Latentes Variablenmodell">latentes Variablenmodell</a> interpretiert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine latente Variable ist eine Variable, deren Wert nicht direkt beobachtbar ist. Man kann lediglich bestimmte Eigenschaften der Variable erkennen, wie zum Beispiel, ob ihr Wert größer oder kleiner gleich Null ist. Man startet mit einem <i>normalen</i> linearen Regressionsmodell für die latente Variable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span>, was bedeutet, dass:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+E_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+E_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86b4248d10a58843b6abc46096a5ff7e57f52b9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.27ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+E_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für die <a href="Fehlerterm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fehlerterm">Fehler</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> nimmt man an, dass sie unabhängig und identisch verteilt (i.i.d.) sind und symmetrisch um Null verteilt sind, jedoch nicht unbedingt <a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">normalverteilt</a> sein müssen.
</p><p>Kann man den tatsächlichen Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b102e069bd5758b0c3d0511c68a12827a36dd761.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.387ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht beobachten, sondern nur feststellen, ob er größer als Null ist oder nicht, erhält man als <i>beobachtbare</i> Zielgröße eine andere Variable, bezeichnet als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d57be496fff95ee2a97ee43c7f7fe244b4dbf8ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}={\begin{cases}1&amp;{\text{ falls }}Z_{i}>0\\0&amp;{\text{ falls }}Z_{i}\leq 0\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}={\begin{cases}1&amp;{\text{ falls }}Z_{i}&gt;0\\0&amp;{\text{ falls }}Z_{i}\leq 0\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d2c86a386002a00f5de278df9ec8f9cd8abc2b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.122ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}={\begin{cases}1&amp;{\text{ falls }}Z_{i}>0\\0&amp;{\text{ falls }}Z_{i}\leq 0\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein Beispiel ist das Gehen lernen bei einem Kleinkind. Man kann die neuro-motorischen Fähigkeiten nicht direkt messen, aber man sieht, ob das Kleinkind bereits in der Lage ist zu laufen oder nicht.
</p><p>Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d57be496fff95ee2a97ee43c7f7fe244b4dbf8ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Bernoulliverteilung folgt, kann der Zusammenhang zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einem Probit- oder <a href="Logit-Modell" class="mw-redirect" title="Logit-Modell">Logit-Modell</a> modelliert werden.
</p><p>Mit der Symmetrie der Verteilung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Pr(Y_{i}=1)&amp;=Pr(\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+E_{i}>0)\\&amp;=Pr(E_{i}<\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>&lt;</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Pr(Y_{i}=1)&amp;=Pr(\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+E_{i}&gt;0)\\&amp;=Pr(E_{i}&lt;\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70d96f2e7794388f3ee0700d435285c37d8f3844.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:61.513ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Pr(Y_{i}=1)&amp;=Pr(\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+E_{i}>0)\\&amp;=Pr(E_{i}<\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Folgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Standardnormalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilung">Standardnormalverteilung</a> mit der Verteilungsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (e)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (e)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b8e56809a7515a2e6e13d8f5ba98a4a7cab0657.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.571ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (e)}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Pr(Y_{i}=1)=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Pr(Y_{i}=1)=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80905e1f306ca03f772936bcadd6b9f92c87819b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:50.029ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Pr(Y_{i}=1)=\Phi (\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\beta _{2}x_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und man erhält das Probit-Modell. Setzt man eine logistische Fehlerverteilung an, dann bekommt man das Logit-Modell.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modellschätzung"><span id="Modellsch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Modellschätzung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung"><span id="Maximum-Likelihood-Sch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung</h3></div>
<p>Die Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung ist eine statistische Methode die Parameter eines Modells (hier: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{0},\ldots ,\beta _{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{0},\ldots ,\beta _{p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65dcd586c7f6b2a9accef1596ff7c7adc84b9da9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.923ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{0},\ldots ,\beta _{p}}" loading="lazy"></span>) so zu wählen, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit, die beobachteten Daten zu erhalten, maximiert wird.
</p><p>Die Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der eine Beobachtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{i1},\ldots ,x_{ip},y_{i})=(\mathbf {x} _{i},y_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{i1},\ldots ,x_{ip},y_{i})=(\mathbf {x} _{i},y_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6d60593ca83479e066ff804857af2238e380749.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.959ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{i1},\ldots ,x_{ip},y_{i})=(\mathbf {x} _{i},y_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> im Probit-Modell auftritt ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Pr(Y_{i}=y_{i}|X=x_{i})=\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}={\begin{cases}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )&amp;{\text{ wenn }}y_{i}=1\\1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )&amp;{\text{ wenn }}y_{i}=0\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Pr(Y_{i}=y_{i}|X=x_{i})=\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}={\begin{cases}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )&amp;{\text{ wenn }}y_{i}=1\\1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )&amp;{\text{ wenn }}y_{i}=0\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e1f6b80732328005e76a2e317cea6884525e6f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:81.327ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Pr(Y_{i}=y_{i}|X=x_{i})=\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}={\begin{cases}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )&amp;{\text{ wenn }}y_{i}=1\\1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )&amp;{\text{ wenn }}y_{i}=0\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta =\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta =\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f2b673e05bb93f7fd3dc11e93bd2912b160b30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.908ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta =\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\ldots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Da die Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d57be496fff95ee2a97ee43c7f7fe244b4dbf8ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> als unabhängig und identisch verteilt angenommen werden, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit der gesamten Stichprobe gleich dem Produkt der Wahrscheinlichkeiten der einzelnen Beobachtungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{n}Pr(Y_{i}=y_{i}|X=x_{i})=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{n}Pr(Y_{i}=y_{i}|X=x_{i})=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a40597de9227dfd4f1bd75a3dfd78f699dc2c6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:56.434ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{n}Pr(Y_{i}=y_{i}|X=x_{i})=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} _{i},y_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} _{i},y_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1391d404dfff362732744fbced84d474a44e1c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.993ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} _{i},y_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> aus Stichprobe bekannt sind, hängt die Wahrscheinlichkeit nur von den unbekannten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span>'s ab. Die <a href="Likelihood-Funktion" title="Likelihood-Funktion">Likelihood-Funktion</a> ist daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\beta ,Y,X)=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\beta ,Y,X)=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48c3064f02893df9370ab1806f940994305da17b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:43.998ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\beta ,Y,X)=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )^{y_{i}}\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))^{1-y_{i}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die Loglikelihood-Funktion ergibt sich zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log({\mathcal {L}}(\beta ,Y,X))=\sum _{i=1}^{n}y_{i}\cdot \Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )+(1-y_{i})\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log({\mathcal {L}}(\beta ,Y,X))=\sum _{i=1}^{n}y_{i}\cdot \Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )+(1-y_{i})\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a9c286e10ab9a8cc90b4a2c6ae2e4dde8f63af4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:57.949ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log({\mathcal {L}}(\beta ,Y,X))=\sum _{i=1}^{n}y_{i}\cdot \Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta )+(1-y_{i})\cdot (1-\Phi (\mathbf {x} _{i}'\beta ))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Schätzwerte für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f111c43e5cfce37bcffc6121a19b81c6efd825ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.115ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Werte, bei denen die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens der Stichprobe am größten ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}=\operatorname {arg\,max} _{\beta }L(\beta ,Y,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}=\operatorname {arg\,max} _{\beta }L(\beta ,Y,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/010536264178dee130694804290ba7b3e848098e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:24.606ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}=\operatorname {arg\,max} _{\beta }L(\beta ,Y,X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichtefunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fbffdd4f2cf1c6e8daaddfddd00677b16f12809.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.576ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (z)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Standardnormalverteilung führt zu einer nichtlinearen Likelihood-Funktion bzw. Loglikelihood-Funktion. Daher sind numerische Optimierungsmethoden erforderlich, um die Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzer für die Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f111c43e5cfce37bcffc6121a19b81c6efd825ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.115ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu finden. Typischerweise werden iterative Methoden wie das Newton-Raphson-Verfahren oder das Gradientenabstiegsverfahren verwendet, um numerische Näherungslösungen zu finden.
</p><p>Der Schätzer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efdb50e00928e4013750a476dab75eeb3cbd5799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.451ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span> der die Likelihood-Funktion maximiert, ist <a href="Konsistente_Sch%C3%A4tzfolge" title="Konsistente Schätzfolge">konsistent</a>, asymptotisch normal und <a href="Effizienz_(Statistik)" title="Effizienz (Statistik)">effizient</a>, vorausgesetzt, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(XX')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(XX')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9d8455208357260ed1c3e9f4fc5254fdccf8978.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.246ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(XX')}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert und nicht singulär ist. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass die Loglikelihood-Funktion global konkav ist in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> und daher standardmäßige numerische Algorithmen für die Optimierung schnell zum eindeutigen Maximum konvergieren werden.
</p><p>Die asymptotische Verteilung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efdb50e00928e4013750a476dab75eeb3cbd5799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.451ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}({\hat {\beta }}-\beta )\ {\xrightarrow {d}}\ {\mathcal {N}}(0,\,\Omega ^{-1}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mi>d</mi>
</mpadded>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}({\hat {\beta }}-\beta )\ {\xrightarrow {d}}\ {\mathcal {N}}(0,\,\Omega ^{-1}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c21b660610356ba77f9ae0dc1de4f1a6237e6acb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.311ex; width:25.574ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}({\hat {\beta }}-\beta )\ \xrightarrow {d} \ {\mathcal {N}}(0,\,\Omega ^{-1}),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> die Inverse der <a href="Fisher-Informationsmatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher-Informationsmatrix">Fisher-Informationsmatrix</a> ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Das Probit-Modell wird meist Chester Bliss und John Gaddum zugeschrieben, die das Modell in den 1930er Jahren formalisierten. Chester Bliss ist bekannt für seine grundlegende Arbeit zur formalen Einführung und Entwicklung des Probit-Modells.<sup id="cite_ref-bliss_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insbesondere prägte er den Begriff „Probit“ im Jahr 1934, der fortan zur Beschreibung dieses statistischen Modells verwendet wurde. Sein Beitrag zur Systematisierung früherer Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet war wichtig. Bliss trug dazu bei, das Probit-Modell in den 1930er Jahren als eigenständiges statistisches Werkzeug zu etablieren, indem er die mathematischen Grundlagen des Modells klärte und seine Anwendbarkeit auf verschiedene Forschungsbereiche demonstrierte. John Gaddums Beitrag zur Systematisierung früherer Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet war ebenfalls wichtig. Durch die Zusammenstellung und Strukturierung vorhandener Erkenntnisse trug Gaddum dazu bei, das Probit-Modell in den 1930er Jahren als eigenständiges statistisches Werkzeug zu etablieren.
</p><p>Die Ursprungsidee geht auf das <a href="Weber-Fechner-Gesetz" title="Weber-Fechner-Gesetz">Weber-Fechner-Gesetz</a> von <a href="Gustav_Fechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a> aus dem Jahr 1860 zurück<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, das die Beziehung zwischen Reizintensität und Wahrnehmung beschrieb. Bis 1930 wurde der Probit-Ansatz verschiedentlich wiederentdeckt, siehe Finney (1971, Kapitel 3.6)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Aitchson &amp; Brown (1957, Kapitel 1.2)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sowie Cramer (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Vor der formalen Etablierung des Probit-Modells wurden verschiedene Ansätze zur Analyse binärer Daten von Forschern wie <a href="Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> und Karl Pearson erforscht. Die Vorarbeit von Francis Galton zur Regression und Korrelation sowie seine Forschung zur Messung von Variationen in Populationen trug zur Entwicklung statistischer Konzepte bei, die später in der Modellierung von binären Daten verwendet wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karl Pearsons Vorarbeit zur Entwicklung statistischer Methoden und zur Formalisierung statistischer Modelle, insbesondere im Bereich der multivariaten Statistik und der Korrelationsanalyse, trug ebenfalls zur Entwicklung des Probit-Modells bei.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Ronald_Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> trug zur Verbreitung des Probit-Modells bei, indem er eine schnelle Methode zur Berechnung des Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzers vorschlug.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sein Beitrag stärkte das Probit-Modell als eines der grundlegenden Werkzeuge der statistischen Analyse von binären Daten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bayesium.com/which-link-function-logit-probit-or-cloglog/">Which Link Function — Logit, Probit, or Cloglog? 12.04.2023</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-bliss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bliss_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bliss_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bliss_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bliss, C. I. (1934). The method of probits. Science, 79, 38–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.79.2037.38">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.79.2037.38</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkson, J. (1944), Application of the Logistic Function to Bio-Assay, in: Journal of the American Statistical Association 39, 357-365. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2280041">https://doi.org/10.2307/2280041</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalisch, M., Meier, L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34225-8_3%7C"><i>Das logistische Regressionsmodell</i></a>. In: Logistische Regression. essentials. Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34225-8_3">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34225-8_3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitchison, J., &amp; Brown, J. A. (1957). Lognormal distribution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cramer, J. S. (2004). The early origins of the logit model. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 35(4), 613-626.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galton, F. (1886). Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 15, 246-263.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, K. (1904). On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation. Drapers' Company Research Memoirs: Biometric Series, 1(6), 1-88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Case of Zero Survivors in Probit Assays. Annals of Applied Biology, 22, 164–165. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1935.tb07713.x" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1935.tb07713.x">doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1935.tb07713.x</a></span>
</li>
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